• Performance tuning is...
• Before you begin
• How much is how much?
• Calculating unit conversions
• Monitoring
• Monitoring vs. Profiling
• Whole-system view
• Sample application model
• Sample hardware model
• Before tuning the kernel
• Kernel tunables
• Using system documentation
• Recovering from problems

• SNMP
• SNMP versions
• Management Information Base
• The MIB hierarchy
• Referring to MIB objects
• Reading a MIB file
• Installing SNMP packages
• Finding MIB objects
• Using SNMP v1 for queries
• Using SNMP v3 for queries
• Configuring the SNMP client
• Enabling the SNMP agent
• Profiling SNMP host access controls
• Configuring SNMP v1 access
• Configuring SNMP v3 access
• Beyond RH442: Extending snmpd

• MRTG
• Configuring MRTG
• Allowing access to MRTG
• Creating a dashboard in MRTG
• Ad-hoc utilities
• Installing iostat and sar
• Using iostat and sar
• Configuring sar
• Awk
• Using awk
• Gnuplot
• Using Gnuplot
• Creating a custom script
• Scheduling a custom script

• OProfile
• Installing OProfile
• Installing kernel-debuginfo
• Setting up OProfile
• Running a test
• Reviewing results
• OProfile architecture
• SystemTap
• Required packages
• SystemTap scripts
• The stap command

• Introduction to queuing theory
• Little's Law
• Queue length
• Queue length vs wait time
• Wait time
• A closer look at wait time
• How much user time is needed?
• Profiling time with time
• Finding hot spots in code
• Completion rate
• Arrival rate vs completion rate
• Finding a valid observation period
• Predicting system-wide limits
• Predicting resource limits
• Summary of strategies

• Physical factors affect disk IO
• Disk storage density
• Choosing a peripheral interconnect
• SCSI bus considerations
• Electro-mechanical positioning
• Block IO requests and cache effect
• Tuning sequential read access
• Tuning the disk queue
• Tuning the deadline scheduler
• Tuning the anticipatory scheduler
• Tuning the noop scheduler
• Tuning the (default) cfq scheduler
• Fine-tuning the cfq scheduler
• Physical block device interfaces
• Virtual block devices
• Tuning virtual block devices
• Logical volumes and VBDs
• Implementing snapshot storage

• The virtual file system (VFS)
• Layout of ext2/ext3
• Fragmentation
• Viewing fragmentation
• Tuning fragmentation
• Filesystem limits
• Journaling
• Improving journal performance
• Tuning journal placement
• Other mount-time options
• Finding lock contention
• Reducing visit count with RAID
• Calculating chunk size
• Calculating filesystem stride
• Tuning round-robin RAID
• Write overhead for RAID5 and RAID6
• Improving RAID1 performance
• Tuning RAID1
• Tuning RAID in SysFS

• Characterizing process states
• Getting ready to run
• Types of CPU cache
• Locality of reference
• Improving locality of reference
• Multitasking and the run queue
• Preempting the current process
• Sorting the run queue
• SCHED_OTHER
• Tuning scheduler policy
• Viewing CPU performance data

• How Linux tracks time
• Tuning system ticks
• Tuning processor speed
• IRQ balancing
• Tuning IRQ affinity
• Equalizing CPU visit count
• Tuning process affinity with taskset
• Tuning run queue length with taskset
• Hot-plugging CPUs
• Scheduler domains
• Configuring the root cpuset
• Configuring a child cpuset
• Important files for scheduler domains
• Virtual CPUs
• Tuning VCPUs at domain creation
• Tuning VCPUs dynamically
• Tuning VCPU affinity

• Overview of memory addressing
• Virtual address space (32-bit)
• Viewing process address space
• Tuning process address space
• Physical address space
• Mapping virtual addresses (x86)
• Uniform memory architecture (x86)
• Overview of memory allocation
• Improving RAM performance
• Improving MMU performance
• Tuning the NUMA allocator
• Improving TLB performance
• Tuning TLB performance
• Viewing system calls
• Virtual domain memory
• Tuning memory at domain creation
• Tuning domain memory dynamically
• Recovering unassigned memory

• Strategies for using memory
• A closer look at demand paging
• Tuning page allocation
• Tuning overcommit
• Slab cache
• ARP cache
• Tuning ARP cache
• Page cache
• Tuning page cache
• Anonymous pages
• SysV IPC
• Tuning SysV IPC
• Viewing memory with free
• Other commands to view memory usage

• Characterizing page status
• Calculating dirty and clean memory
• Reclaiming dirty pages
• Tuning pdflush
• Reclaiming clean pages
• Out-of-memory killer
• Tuning OOM policy
• Detecting memory leaks
• What is swap?
• Improving swap performance
• Tuning swappiness
• Tuning swap size
• Tuning swap for think time
• Tuning swap visit count
• Monitoring memory usage

• Simplified transmit model
• Simplified receive model
• Kernel socket buffers
• Calculating total buffer size
• Calculating per-socket buffer size
• Tuning core buffer size
• Tuning TCP buffer size
• Tuning DMA buffer size
• Is packet fragmentation a problem?
• Tuning fragmentation buffers
• Network interrupt handling
• Improving interrupt handling
• Tuning interrupt handling
• Network sockets
• TCP sockets
• Viewing network sockets
• Tuning TCP socket creation
• Tuning TCP socket keepalive

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